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In 2019, the House of Commons unanimously passed legislation committing the UK to a legally binding target of net zero carbon emissions by 2050, an unusual display of parliamentary unity. That political consensus is now under strain.
新保守黨領袖凱米•巴德諾赫一再批評淨零目標，奈傑爾•法拉奇的改革黨——儘管只有少數議員——公開反對這一目標。
New Conservative party leader Kemi Badenoch has repeatedly criticised the net zero target, and Nigel Farage’s Reform party — albeit with only a handful of MPs — is openly hostile to it.
英國首相基爾•斯塔默爵士表示，他堅定地致力於實現氣候目標，他的工黨在下議院擁有絕大多數席位。
Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer, whose Labour party enjoys a huge majority in the House of Commons, says he is firmly committed to the climate target.
然而，儘管批評者持懷疑態度，他堅持認爲可以在不大幅改變消費者行爲的情況下實現該目標，比如減少飛行次數或減少食用肉類。
Yet he insists — to critics’ scepticism — that it can be achieved without big changes to consumer behaviour, such as reducing flights or eating less meat.
斯塔默政府正面臨著一個關鍵時刻，因爲它將推動產業轉向電動汽車和電熱泵等低碳產品，而消費者對這些產品的需求尚不確定。上週，業界就電動汽車和熱泵目標進行的遊說表明，如果政府堅持其承諾，將面臨巨大壓力。
Starmer’s government faces a moment of truth as it pushes industry towards low-carbon products such as electric vehicles and electric heat pumps for which consumer demand is uncertain. Last week, industry lobbying over targets for EVs and heat pumps demonstrated the pressure the government will face if it sticks to its pledges.
根據2019年更新的《氣候變化法》，英國承諾到2050年實現碳淨零排放，並制定了日益嚴格的五年「碳預算」的明確軌跡。
Under the 2019 update to the Climate Change Act, the UK is committed to net zero carbon emissions by 2050 with a clear trajectory of increasingly tough five-year “carbon budgets”.
凱米•巴德諾赫沒有要求廢除零淨排放目標，但在2022年，她將其描述爲「單邊經濟裁軍」。
Badenoch has stopped short of calling for the net zero target to be abolished, but in 2022 she described it as “unilateral economic disarmament”.
在競選領導人期間，她從氣候行動懷疑論組織Net Zero Watch主席Neil Record手中收受了10,000英鎊，同時還利用他的房子作爲競選辦公室。
During her leadership campaign she took £10,000 from Neil Record, chair of Net Zero Watch, a climate action-sceptical group, while also using his house as a campaign office.
她在保守黨會議上宣稱：「我不是氣候懷疑論者。但我是一個淨零懷疑論者」。一位盟友表示，她認爲這一目標使英國變得脆弱，並「過度依賴中國」，中國是世界上最大的綠色技術出口國。
She declared at the Tory conference: “I’m not a climate sceptic. But I am a net zero sceptic.” One ally said she believed the target had left Britain vulnerable and with an “undue reliance on China”, the world’s biggest exporters of green technology.
週四，巴德諾赫表示，斯塔默「急於進一步削減我們的排放量」——指的是在COP29峯會上宣佈的到2035年將實現81%的減排目標——這是將「短期宣傳」置於長期規劃之上。
On Thursday Badenoch said Starmer’s “rush to a further cut in our emissions” — referring to a new target announced at the COP29 summit of an 81 per cent cut by 2035 — was prioritising “short-term publicity” over long-term planning.
她的立場與2021年在格拉斯哥舉行的COP26會談期間保守黨首相鮑里斯•強森(Boris Johnson)相去甚遠，後者是2050年淨零排放的熱情倡導者。
Her position is a far cry from Boris Johnson, Tory prime minister during the COP26 talks in Glasgow in 2021, who was a passionate advocate for Net Zero 2050.
斯塔默表示，三年前的格拉斯哥會談期間存在「真正的團結」。
Starmer said there had been a “real unity” during those Glasgow talks three years ago.
他週四對下議院表示：「我認爲，巴德諾赫現在採取了攻擊設定目標這一想法的立場，這表明對面的政黨已經墮落到何種地步。」
“I think the fact that [Badenoch] has now taken the position she has of attacking the very idea of setting targets shows just how far the party opposite has fallen,” he told the Commons on Thursday.
與此同時，改革黨將反綠色政策置於其平臺的核心，誓言徹底廢除淨零目標，聲稱這一舉措導致能源成本飆升，"讓我們變得更加貧困和寒冷"。副領袖理查德•泰斯(Richard Tice)表示，他希望在下一次選舉中對抗"淨零的極端狂熱"。改革黨只有五名議員，但民意調查顯示它獲得了18%選民支援。
Meanwhile, Reform has put anti-green policies at the centre of its platform, vowing it would scrap the net zero target altogether, which it claims has sent energy costs soaring and is “making us poorer and colder”. Deputy leader Richard Tice says he wants to fight the next election against the “extreme cult of net zero”. Reform only has five MPs but polls indicate it has the support of 18 per cent of voters.
英國綠色和平組織政策主任道格•帕爾(Doug Parr)說，工黨擁有絕大多數席位，不太可能在短期內「退縮」。
Doug Parr, policy director for Greenpeace UK, said Labour had a large majority and was unlikely to “go into retreat” any time soon.
他認爲：「就公衆對氣候變化的態度而言，英國不是美國。改革黨選民往往更傾向於淨零懷疑論，但他們並不反對氣候行動。如果保守黨越來越多地採取淨零或氣候懷疑論的態度，那麼他們就是在給自己的選票設置上限」。
“The UK is not the US in terms of public attitudes to climate change. Reform voters tend to be more net zero sceptic, but they are not opposed to climate action,” he argued. “If the Tories increasingly adopt a net zero or climate sceptic attitude, they are putting a ceiling on their own votes.”
但綠色聯盟政治主任克里斯•維納布爾斯表示，該組織對語氣的轉變「非常震驚。對於英國的氣候政治來說，這是一個非常令人擔憂的時刻。」
But Chris Venables, director of politics at Green Alliance, said the group was “really alarmed” by the shift in tone. “It’s a really worrying time for climate politics in the UK.”
More in Common的民調顯示，英國沒有一個選區的選民對氣候變化的關注度低於50%，YouGov在7月份的民調顯示，74%的公衆支援淨零排放目標，高於4月份的69%。
Polling by More in Common shows there is no constituency in Britain where concern about climate change is lower than 50 per cent of voters, and a YouGov poll in July found that 74 per cent of the public support the net zero target, up from 69 per cent in April.
但是，選民廣泛支援綠色政策並不等於他們願意爲這些政策買單。
But voters broadly supporting green policies is not the same as them being willing to pay for them.
最近幾天發生了兩次重大政策轉變，顯示了在不懲罰消費者或行業的情況下實現綠色發展的挑戰。
There have been two significant policy shifts in recent days illustrating the challenge of going green without penalising consumers or industry.
首先，部長們正在尋找漏洞，以幫助汽車製造商應對一項曠日持久的「電動汽車任務」，根據該任務，電動汽車的銷量比例每年都必須上升。其次，政府計劃從明年4月起，將對未能售出足夠熱泵的鍋爐製造商的罰款從每臺3000英鎊降至500英鎊。
Firstly, ministers are seeking loopholes to help carmakers hit a stretching “electric vehicle mandate” under which a rising percentage of sales must be EVs every year. Secondly, the government cut the level of planned fines from next April from £3,000 to £500 per unit for boilermakers who fail to sell enough heat pumps.
維納布爾斯說：「我們有一項真正的工作要闡明爲什麼所有這些政策都很重要，並將其轉化至這個國家人民的現實生活中。政府在推進政策時必須小心謹慎，不能操之過急，這樣才能讓公衆與政府同行。」
“There is a real job on our hands to articulate why all of this policy matters and translate it back to the lived reality of people in this country,” said Venables. “The government has to be really careful about not going too fast in pushing forward on policy, in order to bring the public with them.”
工黨聲稱其綠色政策將在2030年前將能源賬單減少300英鎊。但該分析受到了批評，因爲其基於能源智庫Ember的研究，後者以2023年秋季爲起點，當時賬單因能源危機的連鎖影響而較高。
Labour has claimed its green policies will cut energy bills by £300 by 2030. But its analysis has been criticised as it was based on research by the energy think-tank Ember, which took as its starting point autumn 2023 when bills were high due to the knock-on effects of the energy crisis.
自那時以來，電費已經顯著下降。影子能源大臣克萊爾•庫蒂尼奧(Claire Coutinho)聲稱這一數字是「謊言」。
Electricity bills have already fallen significantly since then. Claire Coutinho, shadow energy secretary, has claimed the figure is a “lie”.
工黨發言人週六表示，工黨致力於實現到2030年將電費比2024年的平均水準最多減少300英鎊的目標。
A Labour spokesman said on Saturday that it was committed to the goal of cutting bills by up to £300 by 2030, compared to 2024 averages.
並非所有保守黨議員都同意巴德諾赫的立場。智庫能源與氣候情報局最近的一項民意調查發現，支援淨零排放的保守黨議員比例從大選前的70%上升到大選後的81%，儘管這是基於一個大幅減少的羣體。
Not all Tory MPs agree with Badenoch’s stance. A poll by the Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit think-tank recently found the proportion of Conservative MPs supportive of net zero rose from 70 per cent before the general election to 81 per cent after — albeit based on a much reduced cohort.
地球之友科學、政策和研究主管Mike Childs表示，一些右翼政客「不負責任」，試圖「製造一場文化戰爭」。
Mike Childs, head of science, policy and research at Friends of the Earth, said some rightwing politicians were being “irresponsible” and attempting to “create a culture war”.
他說，工黨面臨的巨大挑戰是「讓人們相信，他們將要採取的措施是公平的，不會對那些在生活成本中掙扎的人們造成過大的影響」。