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It is Europe’s greatest refugee crisis since the second world war. The numbers who have left Ukraine have now outstripped those who fled Syria. But it is not just the scale of the exodus prompted by the Russian invasion that makes it stand out.
這是自二戰以來歐洲最大的難民危機。離開烏克蘭的人數已經超過逃離敘利亞的人數。但它之所以引人注目，並不僅僅是因爲俄羅斯入侵引發的大規模外流。
European countries have given Ukrainian refugees an immediate right to work. This was a good call. Immigrants can make a contribution to host economies. Assimilation will be easier for those who stay.
歐洲國家給予烏克蘭難民立即工作的權利。這是一個明智的決定。移民可以爲東道國經濟做出貢獻。那些留下來的人將更容易融入社會。
Accommodating the sudden influx has imposed large immediate costs. In March, Poland estimated it would have to spend at least €11bn on housing, social services and other expenses.
適應突然湧入的難民帶來了巨大的直接成本。3月，波蘭估計它將不得不在住房、社會服務和其他費用上花費至少110億歐元。
Giovanni Peri, an economist at University of California, Davis, estimates each refugee may cost $8,000-$10,000 in the first year in housing and other support. But given tight European labour markets, he expects Ukrainian refugees who stay would generate enough income in the following years to outweigh this.
加州大學戴維斯分校的經濟學家喬瓦尼·佩裏(Giovanni Peri)估計，每個難民在第一年可能需要花費8000-10000美元的住房和其他支援。但鑑於歐洲勞動力市場緊張，他預計留下來的烏克蘭難民將在接下來的幾年裏創造足夠的收入，以彌補這一損失。
Difficulties abound. Ukrainian refugees responsible for infants cannot easily work. Qualifications may not be recognised locally.
困難無處不在。負責照顧嬰兒的烏克蘭難民不容易工作。工作資質在當地可能不被認可。
Only one in six refugees who arrived in Poland want to stay permanently, according to a central bank report. The main reason was the challenge of providing for themselves. Ukrainians in Russia, some of whom appear to have been forcibly relocated, may not have the option of leaving.
根據波蘭央行的一份報告，抵達波蘭的難民中只有六分之一希望永久定居。主要原因是自給自足的挑戰。在俄羅斯的烏克蘭人，其中一些人似乎是被強行遷移的，他們可能沒有離開的選項。
Yet Ukrainian refugees are expected to increase the EU’s workforce by 0.5 per cent, twice as much as the Syrian refugees who arrived in 2014‑17, according to the OECD. Of the earlier group, only 17 per cent of working-age refugees were in employment after two years in the country and less than 50 per cent after five years, according to the European Central Bank.
然而，根據經合組織(OECD)的數據，烏克蘭難民預計將使歐盟勞動力增加0.5%，是2014 - 17年抵達歐盟的敘利亞難民的兩倍。歐洲央行的數據顯示，在前一組難民中，只有17%的適齡工作難民在入境兩年後找到工作，而在5年內找到工作的比例不到50%。
Ukraine’s geographical and cultural proximity should help refugees assimilate, as should their relatively high levels of education. The average refugee to Europe around the middle of the decade was a young man with modest qualifications, according to the OECD. In the case of the Ukrainian refugees, it is more likely to be a tertiary educated woman.
烏克蘭在地理和文化上的接近，以及他們相對較高的教育水準，應該有助於難民同化。根據經合組織的數據，在2005年前後，前往歐洲的難民一般都是資歷一般的年輕人。就烏克蘭難民而言，更可能是受過高等教育的女性。
The economic outlook is darkening. But the freedom to work will alleviate some hardship and reduce Ukrainian dependence on host nations. In the UK, the economic example of earlier generations of eastern European refugees has been a shining one.
經濟前景正在變暗。但工作的自由將緩解一些困難，並減少烏克蘭對東道國的依賴。在英國，前幾代東歐難民的經濟榜樣一直很耀眼。