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After decades of unsuccessful attempts to generate nuclear power in Poland, Warsaw has kick-started two separate projects to build atomic plants with foreign partners.
在經歷了幾十年的核電嘗試失敗後，華沙方面已經啓動了兩個與外國合作伙伴建設核電站的獨立項目。
Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki announced in October that Westinghouse of the US would build a nuclear plant in Poland, with South Korea’s KHNP signing a letter of intent with his government days later for a separate nuclear facility.
波蘭總理馬特烏什•莫拉維茨基(Mateusz Morawiecki)10月宣佈，美國西屋電氣(Westinghouse)將在波蘭建造一座核電站。幾天後，南韓水電與核電有限公司(KHNP)與波蘭政府簽署了另一座核設施的意向書。
Warsaw has abruptly gone into nuclear overdrive as part of its push to guarantee energy independence from Russia. Poland has been struggling with soaring energy costs that have pushed inflation to a 25-year high since the Kremlin’s all-out attack on Ukraine in February.
爲了保證能源獨立於俄羅斯，華沙突然啓動了核開發。自今年2月克里姆林宮全面進攻烏克蘭以來，波蘭一直在努力應對能源成本飆升，將通膨推至25年來的高點。
Other countries are also embracing nuclear power in response to Russia’s aggression, adding a national security dimension to the promotion of nuclear power as a zero-emission source of energy. The UK plans to start work on eight reactors by 2030 while Germany and Belgium recently extended the life of some reactors beyond their original shutdown dates after policy U-turns.
爲了應對俄羅斯的侵略，其他國家也在支援核能，將核能作爲零排放能源的推廣增加到國家安全層面。英國計劃在2030年前啓動8座反應堆的工作，而德國和比利時最近在政策發生180度大轉彎後，將一些反應堆的使用壽命延長至原定關閉日期之後。
“We’re seeing a vast change in the Polish as well as European mindset concerning nuclear energy,” said Adam Juszczak, energy expert at the Polish Economic Institute. “Everybody is now fully aware that we have to replace fossil fuels, especially what we imported from Russia.”
波蘭經濟研究所(Polish Economic Institute)能源專家亞當•尤什恰克(Adam Juszczak)表示：「我們看到波蘭以及歐洲在覈能問題上的心態發生了巨大變化。每個人現在都充分意識到，我們必須替換化石燃料，尤其是我們從俄羅斯進口的化石燃料。」
Nuclear power has been a thwarted Polish ambition since the early 1970s, when its then Communist government chose a location for its first nuclear plant. Construction of the Soviet-designed Żarnowiec plant started in 1982 but was abandoned due to a funding shortfall and the protests that followed the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in neighbouring Ukraine. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, different Polish leaders made unfulfilled pledges to restart the nuclear construction programme.
上世紀70年代初，波蘭的共產黨政府選擇了第一座核電站的地址，自那時起，核能一直是波蘭的受挫的雄心。蘇聯(Soviet Union)設計的扎爾諾威克(Żarnowiec)核電站於1982年開始建設，但由於資金短缺和1986年鄰國烏克蘭發生切爾諾貝利(Chernobyl)災難後的抗議活動而被放棄。蘇聯解體後，多位波蘭領導人都做出了重啓核建設計劃的承諾，但未能兌現。
In contrast, other former Communist nations built nuclear reactors and are now adding more. Slovakia, where the first reactor started operating 50 years ago, is finishing the construction of a third unit at its Mohovce plant. Hungary’s government in August gave Russia’s Rosatom the go-ahead to build two more reactors at its Paks plant.
相比之下，其他前共產主義國家建造了核反應堆，現在正在增加。斯洛伐克的第一個反應堆50年前開始運行，該國莫霍夫採(Mohovce)核電站的第三個反應堆即將完工。今年8月，匈牙利政府批准俄羅斯國家原子能公司(Rosatom)在其保克什(Paks)工廠再建造兩座反應堆。
“Having worked in nuclear energy for 60 years, I know this decision should have been taken a long time ago,” said Andrzej Strupczewski, a veteran professor from Poland’s National Centre for Nuclear Research. “Everyone around us has nuclear power plants.”
波蘭國家核研究中心(Poland』s National Centre for Nuclear Research)資深教授安傑伊•斯特魯普切夫斯基(Andrzej Strupczewski)表示：「我在覈能領域工作了60年，我知道這個決定早就應該做出了。我們周圍的國家都有核電站。」
Poland’s biggest political parties favour nuclear power, as do the majority of voters who now worry more about spiralling energy bills than nuclear safety, according to opinion polls.
根據民意調查，波蘭最大的政黨支援核能，大多數選民現在更擔心不斷飆升的能源賬單，而不是核安全。
Depending on how many reactors are built, nuclear energy should provide 25-40 per cent of Poland’s power production in 20 years, according to the Polish Economic Institute.
根據波蘭經濟研究所的數據，未來20年，核能應占波蘭電力生產的25%至40%，具體取決於建造多少反應堆。
Still, ahead of parliamentary elections next autumn, the push into nuclear power has been criticised as a “PR stunt” by environmentalists. “Poland’s nuclear programme has a long history of missed deadlines,” said Paweł Szypulski, programme director at Greenpeace Poland, who argued the government’s plan was simply aimed at showing that “they’re capable of controlling the energy crisis”.
儘管如此，在明年秋天的議會選舉之前，推動核電發展被環保人士批評爲「公關噱頭」。環保組織綠色和平波蘭分部(Greenpeace Poland)項目主管帕維烏•西普爾斯基(Paweł Szypulski)表示：「波蘭的核計劃長期以來經常錯過最後期限。」他認爲，政府的計劃只是爲了表明「他們有能力控制能源危機」。
He urged the Morawiecki administration to instead look to wind energy and stop “holding back green technologies which could rapidly decarbonise our economy”. Coal generates 70 per cent of Poland’s electricity production.
他敦促莫拉維茨基(Morawiecki)政府轉而尋求風能，並停止「阻礙可以使我們的經濟迅速脫碳的綠色技術」。波蘭70%的電力來自煤炭。
Poland’s nuclear projects face significant challenges, notably over funding. Warsaw is trying to convince Westinghouse to take a significant shareholding in the new plant. The Koreans are entering a complicated partnership with the Polish billionaire Zygmunt Solorz-Zak, whose assets include broadcaster Polsat and Poland’s state-run energy group PGE.
波蘭的核項目面臨重大挑戰，尤其是資金問題。華沙方面正試圖說服美國西屋電氣在新工廠持有大量股份。南韓人正在與波蘭億萬富翁齊格蒙特•索羅茲-扎克(Zygmunt Solorz-Zak)展開復雜的合作關係，後者的資產包括廣播公司Polsat和波蘭國有能源集團PGE。
By betting on two separate foreign partners, Poland has also exposed itself to their rivalry. Westinghouse filed a lawsuit in the US in October, arguing that the Koreans used American proprietary technology that could only be exported with Westinghouse’s approval.
透過將賭注押在兩個獨立的外國合作伙伴身上，波蘭也將自己暴露在了它們的競爭中。美國西屋電氣10月在美國提起訴訟，稱南韓人使用了美國的專有技術，而這些技術只有在西屋電氣批准的情況下才能出口。
France’s EDF was among those who lost out in Poland. Some experts believe Westinghouse benefited from Washington’s strong relationship with a Polish government that has instead tussled with France and other EU partners over whether Poland needed to reform its judiciary in return for pandemic recovery funds.
法國電力公司(EDF)是在波蘭失利的企業之一。一些專家認爲，美國西屋電氣受益於華盛頓與波蘭政府的牢固關係，而波蘭政府則在波蘭是否需要司法改革以換取疫情恢復資金的問題上與法國和其他歐盟夥伴爭執不休。
The leader of Poland’s governing Law and Justice party, Jarosław Kaczyński, said recently that he could talk to France about nuclear power only if France acknowledged that criticising Poland’s rule of law was “a brazen lie”.
波蘭執政黨法律與正義黨領導人雅羅斯瓦夫•卡欽斯基(Jarosław Kaczyński)最近表示，只有法國承認批評波蘭的法治是「無恥的謊言」，他才能與法國討論核能問題。
Given that nuclear projects often suffer delays and cost overruns, Poland had unveiled “very ambitious plans, especially for a country that has no experience in building modern nuclear plants nor has trained staff”, said Marcin Jaskólski, a nuclear energy researcher from the Gdańsk University of Technology.
格但斯克理工大學(Gdańsk University of Technology)核能研究員馬爾欽•亞斯科爾斯基(Marcin Jaskólski)表示，鑑於核電項目經常遭遇延誤和成本超支，波蘭公佈了「非常雄心勃勃的計劃，尤其是對於一個既沒有建造現代核電站經驗，也沒有受過培訓的工作人員的國家而言」。
Whatever the challenge, nuclear power was now a “must-have” for the country, said Beata Daszynska-Muzyczka, president of the BGK Polish development bank. “This is about Poland’s ability to grow and offer businesses that invest here a stable, clean and cheap source of energy.”
波蘭國家開發銀行(BGK)行長貝婭塔•達辛斯卡-穆茲奇卡(Beata Daszynska-Muzyczka)表示，無論面臨什麼樣的挑戰，核能現在都是該國的「必備能源」。她表示：「這關係到波蘭的發展能力，併爲在這裏投資的企業提供穩定、清潔和廉價的能源。」
The government is also trumpeting nuclear as a clear commitment to halt global warming, an issue that previously ranked lower down on the list of priorities for the country. Under EU pressure to meet a 2050 target for carbon neutrality, Poland’s government negotiated last year with its mining industry to shut all coal mines by 2049.
波蘭政府還大肆宣揚核能是阻止全球變暖的明確承諾，而全球變暖先前在該國的優先事項列表中排名靠後。在歐盟要求波蘭實現2050年碳中和目標的壓力下，波蘭政府去年與採礦業談判，在2049年之前關閉所有煤礦。
But in the town of Choczewo in northern Poland, which expects to host the Westinghouse plant, there are mixed feelings.
但在波蘭北部的Choczewo城鎮，人們的心情很複雜。這座小鎮預計將成爲西屋電氣工廠的所在地。
Sylwia Garska-Chmarycz, a local chef, said she welcomed the jobs that a plant would create, as well as the choice of “way more advanced” American technology than anything Poland previously envisaged.
當地廚師瑟爾維亞•加爾斯卡-霍馬爾奇(Sylwia Garska-Chmarycz)表示，她歡迎工廠創造的就業機會，也歡迎選擇比波蘭之前設想的「先進得多」的美國技術。
But travel company owner Jolanta Zwierzchowska, who has organised protests against the nuclear project, was not convinced. “If the plant is built here, no tourists will come,” she said.
但旅遊公司老闆約蘭塔•茲維扎霍夫斯卡(Jolanta Zwierzchowska)並不相信，他曾組織過反對核項目的抗議活動。她說：「如果工廠建在這裏，遊客就不會來了。」
For Wiesław Gębka, Choczewo’s mayor, the focus should be on the economic benefits, even if he also said he understood residents’ fears over the tourism and environmental impact.
對Choczewo市長維斯瓦夫•根巴卡(Wiesław Gębka)來說，重點應該放在經濟利益上，儘管他也表示，他理解居民對旅遊業和環境影響的擔憂。
The one certainty about the arrival of nuclear power, he said, was that “a revolution is about to hit”.
他說，關於核電的到來，唯一可以肯定的是「一場革命即將到來」。