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Alexei Navalny, the Russian opposition activist who has been the most prominent critic of President Vladimir Putin’s regime for much of the past decade, has died in a remote Arctic penal colony aged 47, according to prison authorities.
俄羅斯反對派活動家阿列克謝•納瓦爾尼(Alexei Navalny)在過去十年的大部分時間裏一直是弗拉基米爾•普丁(Vladimir Putin)總統政權最著名的批評者，據監獄當局稱，他已在一個偏遠的北極勞改營去世，享年47歲。
A firebrand campaigner for what he called the “beautiful Russia of the future”, Navalny’s detailed investigations exposing state corruption alarmed the Kremlin as much as his ability to inspire hundreds of thousands of people to protest against it.
納瓦爾尼是他所稱的「美麗的未來俄羅斯」的積極倡導者，他揭露國家腐敗的詳細調查令克里姆林宮感到震驚，而他激勵數十萬人抗議國家腐敗的能力同樣令克里姆林宮感到震驚。
His activism made him the leader of Russia’s true grassroots opposition to Putin’s more than two-decade-long rule, earning him ceaseless intimidation, threats and attacks from the regime and its supporters in retaliation, as well as more than a dozen jail sentences.
他的活動使他成爲俄羅斯真正的基層反對普丁統治的領導人，因此他不斷受到政權及其支持者的恐嚇、威脅和攻擊，以及十幾次監禁。
Behind bars since 2021 with little to no prospect of release, he remained one of the fiercest critics of Putin’s regime and repeatedly condemned Russia’s invasion of Ukraine even amid prison conditions that he said amounted to torture.
自2021年以來，他一直被關在監獄裏，幾乎沒有獲釋的希望，他仍然是普丁政權最激烈的批評者之一，並多次譴責俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭，即使在他所說的相當於酷刑的監獄條件下。
Navalny was poisoned in August 2020 with the Soviet-developed nerve agent novichok while campaigning in Siberia, in what he and western governments said was an assassination attempt ordered by the Kremlin. Treated in Germany, he later exposed a security services officer involved in the poisoning campaign when he published a recorded phone call in which the man unwittingly revealed the entire operation.
納瓦爾尼在2020年8月在西伯利亞競選期間中毒，毒素是蘇聯研發的神經毒劑「諾維喬克」，他和西方政府稱這是克里姆林宮下令的暗殺企圖。他在德國接受治療後，透過公開一段錄音電話揭露了參與毒害行動的一名安全機構官員，該官員在電話中無意中透露了整個行動。
He was jailed on his return to Russia five months later and ultimately sentenced to more than 20 years in prison, where he was kept at three of Russia’s most notoriously harsh prison colonies and died less than two months after being moved to a remote prison colony in the Arctic Circle.
他在五個月後返回俄羅斯時被監禁，最終被判處20多年的監禁，在俄羅斯三個最臭名昭著的嚴酷勞改監獄中被關押，不到兩個月後被轉移到北極圈(Arctic Circle)的一個偏遠勞改監獄後不久就去世了。
A tireless activist whose acerbic wit and powerful speeches resonated strongly among a new generation of Russians who had only ever known one leader, Navalny became a lightning rod for public dissatisfaction with the Kremlin, official corruption and Putin himself.
納瓦爾尼是一位不知疲倦的活動家，他尖刻的機智和有力的演講，在新一代只知道一個領導人的俄羅斯人中產生了強烈的共鳴。他成爲了公衆對克里姆林宮、官方腐敗和普丁本人不滿的焦點。
During the 2011 and 2012 anti-government protests — the biggest uprising during Putin’s rule — Navalny became the most nationally recognised opposition figure. Navalny’s poisoning and draconian prison sentence ushered in a new and darker era of Putin’s reign, marking the delineation from strongman rule to autocracy, with an intolerance for dissent that has only increased with the war in Ukraine.
在2011年和2012年的反政府抗議活動中——這是普丁統治期間最大的一次起義——納瓦爾尼成爲了全國最受認可的反對派人物。納瓦爾尼的中毒和嚴厲的監禁判決開啓了普丁統治的一個新的、更黑暗的時代，標誌着從強人統治向專制統治的轉變，對不同政見的不容忍隨著烏克蘭戰爭的爆發有增無減。
Young and tech-savvy, Navalny shrewdly understood the vast potential of online media and social networks to bypass the Kremlin’s iron grip on television, radio and newspapers, and to drum up both funding and support for election campaigns and protest rallies.
年輕且精通科技的納瓦爾尼聰明地意識到在線媒體和社交網路的巨大潛力，可以繞過克里姆林宮對電視、廣播和報紙的嚴格控制，爲選舉活動和抗議集會籌集資金和支援。
His hugely popular YouTube broadcasts of corruption investigations and evidence of official graft exposed what he said was the rotten core behind the facade of a social contract that exchanged democratic freedoms for a paternalistic strong state.
他在YouTube上播放的有關腐敗調查和官員貪汙證據的節目大受歡迎，這揭露了他所說的社會契約表象背後的腐朽內核，即以民主自由換取家長式的強權國家。
Navalny, right, heads to attend a meeting of Russia’s Central Election commission in Moscow in December 2017
Evgeny Feldman/AP
Police officers detain Navalny in Moscow in July 2013
Evgeny Feldman/AP納瓦爾尼（右）於2017年12月前往莫斯科參加俄羅斯中央選舉委員會的會議
Evgeny Feldman/AP2013年7月，警察在莫斯科逮捕了阿列克謝•納瓦爾尼
圖片來源：Evgeny Feldman/APOne of his most noteworthy investigations, published in January 2021 when he was already in prison, alleged that a coterie of oligarchs had funded a $1.3bn palace for Putin on the country’s southern coast. It was watched 100mn times within 10 days of being published. The Kremlin denied the claims.
他在獄中時發表的一項最引人注目的調查之一聲稱，一羣寡頭爲普丁在該國南部海岸建造了一個價值13億美元的宮殿。該調查在發佈後的10天內被觀看了1億次。克里姆林宮否認了這些指控。
The broadcasts were among many ways in which Navalny influenced the anti-Putin opposition and remained a thorn in the Kremlin’s side, even from behind bars.
這些廣播，是納瓦爾尼影響反普丁反對派、並且即使身處牢獄之中仍然給克里姆林宮帶來麻煩的衆多方式之一。
In his last message from jail, posted on social media by his team just two days ago, Navalny wrote a single scathing line about the conditions in his prison colony.
在納瓦爾尼的團隊於僅僅兩天前在社群媒體上發佈的他在監獄中的最後一條留言中，他對自己所在的勞改監獄的條件發表了一句尖銳的批評。
The Arctic prison was “beating the record” of his previous jail, to “please their masters in Moscow”, he said. Prison authorities had just given him 14 days in solitary confinement. “That’s the fourth in less than two months that I’ve been there. They’re tough,” he said. Two days later he was dead.
北極圈監獄「打破了記錄」，他說，以「取悅他們在莫斯科的主人」。監獄當局剛剛給了他14天的單獨監禁。「這是我在不到兩個月內第四次被關進去。他們很嚴厲，」他說。兩天後，他去世了。
Alexei Anatolievich Navalny was born in 1976 in a small village close to Moscow, into a family of Ukrainian and Russian descent. He grew up in small military towns around the capital before gaining a law degree at university, and then studied securities trading.
阿列克謝•阿納託利耶維奇•納瓦爾尼(Alexei Anatolievich Navalny)於1976年出生在莫斯科附近的一個小村莊，他的家族有烏克蘭和俄羅斯血統。他在首都周圍的小軍事城鎮長大，後來在大學獲得了法律學位，然後學習了證券交易。
A decade later he bought shares in Russia’s largest state-owned oil and gas companies in order to campaign against graft. That made him a pioneer of shareholder activism in a country where state-run enterprises have long been accused of being piggy banks for senior officials and oligarchs loyal to the Kremlin.
十年後，他購買了俄羅斯最大的國有石油和天然氣公司的股份，以打擊貪汙。這使他成爲這個國家股東激進主義的先驅。長期以來，國有企業一直被指責爲忠於克里姆林宮的高級官員和寡頭的「存錢罐」。
Navalny entered politics in 2000, rising to become a prominent activist in Yabloko, a small liberal opposition party, before later being kicked out of the party for clashing with leaders and making incendiary comments about Muslims. Outside the group, he gradually built up a larger following through corruption investigations published on his personal blog.
納瓦爾尼於2000年進入政壇，在小型自由派反對黨亞布洛科成爲一名傑出的活動家，後來因與領導人發生衝突並對穆斯林發表煽動性言論而被開除黨籍。在該組織之外，他透過在個人部落格上發佈的腐敗調查逐漸建立了更多的追隨者。
In 2013 Navalny was handed a jail sentence for embezzlement but the sentence was suspended, reportedly so that he could run as a credible opposition candidate in the 2013 mayoral election to give the Putin-appointed incumbent legitimacy. Navalny came in second with 27.2 per cent of the vote, a watershed moment in electoral terms that demonstrated the potential of crowdfunded opposition movements.
2013年，納瓦爾尼因挪用公款被判入獄，但緩期執行，據說這樣他就可以作爲可信的反對派候選人參加2013年的市長選舉，讓普丁任命的現任市長具有合法性。納瓦爾尼以27.2% 的得票率名列第二，這是選舉方面的一個分水嶺，顯示了衆籌反對運動的潛力。
Navalny and his wife Yulia, right, daughter Daria and son Zakhar, top left, photographed in a hospital in Berlin, Germany. The picture was posted on Instagram in September 2020
Navalny Instagram/AP
Navalny shows a heart symbol while standing in the cage during a hearing at Moscow City Court in February 2021
Moscow City Court/AP阿列克謝•納瓦爾尼和他的妻子尤利婭，右邊，女兒達利婭和兒子扎哈爾，左上方，在德國柏林的一家醫院拍攝的照片。這張照片於2020年9月在Instagram上發佈
納瓦爾尼Instagram/APHis activities were such an irritation for the Kremlin that for years Putin and other senior officials refused to utter his name.
他的活動對克里姆林宮來說是如此的惱人，以至於普丁和其他高級官員多年來都拒絕提及他的名字。
“They can’t allow any opposition in any form to exist because they just lose,” he told the FT in 2019.
他在2019年告訴英國《金融時報》：「他們不能容忍任何形式的反對存在，因爲他們只會失敗。」
Not long afterwards, his anti-corruption foundation was deemed an “extremist organisation” by a Russian court, on a legal par with al-Qaeda and Isis. Many of the foundation’s members were either jailed or fled the country.
不久之後，他的反腐敗基金會被俄羅斯法院視爲與「基地」組織和伊斯蘭國(Isis)法律地位相同的「極端組織」。該基金會的許多成員要麼被監禁，要麼逃離了這個國家。
Yet despite that, and an almost total blackout of his activities by state-backed media, his name became a byword for anti-Putin activism and mass protest, and made him perhaps the most well-known Russian politician outside the country after the president.
然而，儘管如此，他的名字成爲了反普丁行動和大規模抗議的代名詞，儘管國家支援的媒體幾乎完全封鎖了他的活動，他仍然成爲了俄羅斯總統之外，可能是最知名的俄羅斯政治家。
He travelled across the country campaigning and meeting with voters ahead of the 2018 presidential election, but was ultimately blocked from running by convictions that the European Court of Human Rights ruled were unjust. He continued to help other opposition figures win electoral success and inspired a national movement with campaign offices across the country.
他在2018年總統選舉前跨越全國進行競選活動並與選民會面，但最終因歐洲人權法院(European Court of Human Rights)認定的不公正定罪而被禁止參選。他繼續幫助其他反對派人物取得選舉成功，並在全國範圍內啓發了一場全民運動，設立了競選辦事處。
“The main thing in this whole trial isn’t what happens to me. Locking me up isn’t difficult,” Navalny said in court as he was sent to jail in February 2021. “This is happening to intimidate large numbers of people. They’re imprisoning one person to frighten millions.”
2021年2月，納瓦爾尼在被送進監獄時在法庭上說：「整個審判中最重要的不是我發生了什麼。把我關起來並不難...這是爲了恐嚇大量的人。他們監禁一個人是爲了恐嚇數百萬人。」
That 2021 sentence of two-and-a-half years was followed by a new sentence of nine years, handed down the following year. In August 2023 he was handed an additional 19-year sentence on charges of “extremism”.
2021年，納瓦爾尼被判處兩年半監禁，次年又被判處九年監禁。2023年8月，他又因」極端主義 "罪名被加刑19年。
Navalny, right, attends a court hearing in Moscow in March 2017
AP
Navalny, his wife Yulia, opposition politician Lyubov Sobol and other demonstrators march in memory of murdered Kremlin critic Boris Nemtsov in Moscow in February 2020
Kirill Kudryavtsev/AFP/GettyIn December it emerged that Navalny had been transferred to a different penal colony in the Arctic without his lawyers’ knowledge. His whereabouts was unknown for two weeks.
去年12月，納瓦爾尼被轉移到了北極的另一個監獄，他的律師們並不知情。他的下落在兩週內一直不明。
During his multiyear incarceration, Navalny was routinely subjected to sleep deprivation techniques, and suffered from numerous undiagnosed illnesses. Large portions of his time in jail were spent in solitary confinement.
在長達數年的監禁期間，納瓦爾尼經常被剝奪睡眠，並患有許多未經診斷的疾病。他在獄中的大部分時間都是在單獨監禁中度過的。
A film about his life, which included extraordinary footage of Navalny tricking one of his would-be assassins into confessing to the novichok poisoning, won the Oscar for best documentary in 2023.
一部關於納瓦爾尼生平的電影獲得了2023年奧斯卡最佳紀錄片獎，其中包括納瓦爾尼欺騙一名可能暗殺他的人承認諾維喬克毒劑中毒事件的非凡鏡頭。
In the film Navalny delivered a message to Russians in case of his death: “If this happened, it means that we are unusually strong at this moment, since they decided to kill me,” he said. “We need to use this strength.”
在電影中，納瓦爾尼向俄羅斯人傳達了一條關於他死亡的資訊：「如果發生這種情況，那意味著我們此刻異常強大，因爲他們決定殺死我，」他說。「我們需要利用這種力量。」
Critics have pointed to his nationalist views and statements against immigrants made early in his political career, for which he was expelled from Yabloko. For years he attended and spoke at an annual far-right nationalist rally, and he later steadfastly refused to denounce a video in which he compared people from Russia’s mostly Muslim North Caucasus with “cockroaches” and mimicked shooting one with a pistol.
批評者指出，他在政治生涯初期對移民持有的民族主義觀點和言論，導致他被亞布洛科開除。多年來，他一直參加並在一年一度的極右翼民族主義集會上發表講話，後來他堅決拒絕譴責一段影片，其中他將俄羅斯北高加索地區的多數穆斯林人羣比作「蟑螂」，並模仿用手槍射擊其中之一。
In a pre-sentencing statement, as he awaited his new, extended prison term last year, Navalny urged supporters to keep finding ways, large or small, to push back against the Kremlin.
在去年等待他的新的、延長的監禁期的時候，納瓦爾尼在一份判決前聲明中敦促支持者繼續尋找各種方式，無論大小，來對抗克里姆林宮。
Navalny leaves a detention centre in Moscow in March 2015
Yuri Kochetkov/EPA/Shutterstock
Navalny and his wife Yulia arrive at Moscow’s railway station from Kirov in October 2013
Maxim Shemetov/Reuters2015年3月，納瓦爾尼離開莫斯科市法院拘留中心
尤里•科切托夫/美國國家環境保護局/斯托克圖片社納瓦爾尼和他的妻子尤利婭於2013年十月從基洛夫抵達莫斯科的火車站
馬克西姆•謝梅托夫(Maxim Shemetov)/路透社報導“Please consider and realise that by jailing hundreds, Putin is trying to intimidate millions,” he said.
他說：「請考慮並認識到，普丁透過監禁數百人，試圖恐嚇數百萬人。」
“There is no shame in choosing the safest way to resist. There is shame in doing nothing. It’s shameful to let yourself be intimidated,” Navalny said.
「選擇最安全的方式抵抗並沒有什麼可恥的。無所作爲纔是可恥的。讓自己被恐嚇是可恥的，」納瓦爾尼說。
Navalny is survived by his wife, Yulia, and their two children Daria and Zakhar.
納瓦爾尼的妻子尤利婭和他們的兩個孩子達里亞和扎哈爾健在。
Additional reporting by Max Seddon and Polina Ivanova
馬克斯•塞登(Max Seddon)和Polina Ivanova補充報導
